# Semaglutide References: Primary Literature and Clinical Trial Sources

> Complete reference list for semaglutide research summaries on this site — PubMed citations, DOIs, and trial registry links for all STEP, SUSTAIN, PIONEER, SELECT, ESSENCE, and pharmacokinetics sources.

## References

[1] Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, et al. (STEP 1 Study Group). Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity. New England Journal of Medicine. 2021;384(11):989-1002. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33567185/
[2] Guja C, Danciulescu Miulescu R. Semaglutide — the 'new kid on the block' in the field of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists? Annals of Translational Medicine. 2017;5(23):475. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5733318/
[3] Lincoff AM, Brown-Frandsen K, Colhoun HM, et al. Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2023;389(24):2221-2232. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37952131/
[4] Sanyal AJ, Newsome PN, et al. Phase 3 Trial of Semaglutide in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis. New England Journal of Medicine. 2025;392(21):2089-2099. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40305708/
[5] Yang XD, Yang YY. Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Semaglutide: A Systematic Review. Drug Design, Development and Therapy. 2024. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11215664/
[6] Garvey WT, Batterham RL, Bhatta M, et al. Two-year effects of semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity: the STEP 5 trial. Nature Medicine. 2022;28(10):2083-2091. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36216945/
[7] Ahren B, Masmiquel L, Kumar H, et al. Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide monotherapy versus placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 1). Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology. 2017;5(4):251-260. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28110911/
[8] Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, et al. Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2016;375(19):1834-1844. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27633186/
[9] Aroda VR, Rosenstock J, Terauchi Y, et al. PIONEER 1: Randomized Clinical Trial of the Efficacy and Safety of Oral Semaglutide Monotherapy in Comparison With Placebo in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2019. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31186300/
[10] Knop FK, Aroda VR, do Vale RD, et al. Oral semaglutide 50 mg taken once per day in adults with overweight or obesity (OASIS 1): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. The Lancet. 2023;402(10403):705-719. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37385278/
[11] Kosiborod MN, Abildstrom SZ, Borlaug BA, et al. Semaglutide in Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Obesity. New England Journal of Medicine. 2023;389(12):1069-1084. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37622681/
[12] Mahapatra MK, Karuppasamy M, Sahoo BM. Therapeutic Potential of Semaglutide, a Newer GLP-1 Receptor Agonist, in Abating Obesity, Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis and Neurodegenerative diseases: A Narrative Review. Pharmaceutical Research. 2022. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9159769/
[13] Kooij KL, Koster DI, Eeltink E, et al. GLP-1 receptor agonist semaglutide reduces appetite while increasing dopamine reward signaling. Neuroscience Applied. 2023. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40656110/
[14] Davies M, Faerch L, Jeppesen OK, et al. Semaglutide 2.4 mg once a week in adults with overweight or obesity, and type 2 diabetes (STEP 2): a randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. The Lancet. 2021;397(10278):971-984. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33667417/
[15] Rubino D, Abrahamsson N, Davies M, et al. Effect of Continued Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Placebo on Weight Loss Maintenance in Adults With Overweight or Obesity: The STEP 4 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2021;325(14):1414-1425. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33755728/
[16] Wilding JPH, et al. Impact of Semaglutide on Body Composition in Adults With Overweight or Obesity: Exploratory Analysis of the STEP 1 Study. Journal of the Endocrine Society. 2021. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8089287/
[17] Chao AM, Tronieri JS, Amaro A, Wadden TA. Gastrointestinal tolerability of once-weekly semaglutide 2.4 mg in adults with overweight or obesity, and the relationship between gastrointestinal adverse events and weight loss. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34514682/
[18] FDA / Novo Nordisk. FDA Drug Label: Semaglutide injection — Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility. FDA Prescribing Information. 2023. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/209637s020s021lbl.pdf
[19] Godfrey H, Leibovit-Reiben Z, Jedlowski P, Thiede R. Alopecia associated with the use of semaglutide and tirzepatide: A disproportionality analysis using the FDA adverse event reporting system (FAERS) from 2022 to 2023. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38925559/
[20] Jastreboff AM, Kaplan LM, Frias JP, et al. Tirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity (SURMOUNT-5). New England Journal of Medicine. 2025. https://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJMoa2416394
[21] Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Davies M, et al. Weight regain and cardiometabolic effects after withdrawal of semaglutide: The STEP 1 trial extension. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2022;24(8):1553-1564. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35441470/

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The semaglutide research record — STEP, SELECT, SUSTAIN, PIONEER, ESSENCE — read through frosted glass and cited to the source. Not a clinic, not a vendor.